Chapter 3 – Plant Kingdom
1. What is the basis for classification of algae?
Solution:
The presence of pigments that give the traditional colour on algae is the main basis for the classification of algae.
Now, algae are classified on different criteria such as:
(i) Flagellation
(ii) Storage products
(iii) Cellular organization
(iv) Constitution of cell walls
2. When and where does reduction division take place in the life cycle of a liverwort, a moss, a fern, a gymnosperm and an angiosperm?
Solution:
The reduction division takes place in the following stages:
(i) Liverworts – meiosis takes place in the spore mother cells of the capsule in sporangium resulting in haploid spore formation
(ii) Moss – meiosis occurs in spore mother cells of spore sacs in the capsule of sporangium.
(iii) Fern – sporangia are endured on sporophylls (fertile leaves). The process of meiosis occurs in spore mother cells of sporangium for the formation of haploid spores.
(iv) Gymnosperm – meiosis occurs in microsporangia located in the microsporophylls, in the microspore mother cells for the formation of haploid pollen grains giving rise to male gametophyte
(iv) Angiosperm – pollen grains that are formed in microspore mother cells leads to the formation of male gametophyte in the anther of the stamen. The megaspore mother cell located in the nucleus of the ovule undergoes meiosis for the formation of haploid megaspore, which eventually forms the female gametophyte.
3. Name three groups of plants that bear archegonia. Briefly describe the life cycle of any one of them.
Solution:
Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms are the plants that bear archegonia.
The life cycle of Bryophytes
(i) Bryophytes are haploid, and produce gametes. The sexual organs in bryophytes are multicellular.
(ii) The male sex organ is the antheridium, which produces biflagellate anterozoids. Female sexual organs are called archegonium, which produces a single egg.
(iii) Antheridium releases anthrozoids into the water that come in contact with the archegonium.
(iv) An antherozoid fuses with the egg to produce the zygote.
(v) The zygote undergoes reduction division to produce a multicellular body called a sporophyte.
(vi) Sporophytes undergo reduction division to produce haploid spores.
(vii) These spores germinate to produce gametophyte.
4. Mention the ploidy of the following:
protonemal cell of a moss; primary endosperm nucleus in dicot, leaf cell of a moss; prothallus cell of a fern; gemma cell in Marchantia; meristem cell of monocot, ovum of a liverwort, and zygote of a fern.
Solution:
5. Write a note on the economic importance of algae and gymnosperms.
Solution:
Importance of Gymnosperms
(i) Gymnosperms are used as ornamental plants. Some are features in formal gardens – used for bonsai
(ii) Their fibers are used in the preparation of paper pulp
(iii) Turpentine and resins are obtained from confers resin
(iv) Useful oils are extracted from gymnosperms like junipers, pines, hemlock, fir, spruces, and arborvitae
(v) Gymnosperm seeds are used as food products such as bakery items
(vi) Occasionaly used to create silk and other textiles
Importance of Algae
(i) Algae fixes carbon dioxide with the help of photosynthesis
(ii) It increases the level of dissolved oxygen in their immediate environment
(iii) They produce rich compounds that serve as food for aquatic animals
(iv) Marine algae are used as food. For example, Laminaria and Sargassum
(v) Certain algae are used as hydrocolloids
(vi) Agar is used in growing microorganisms and in the preparation of jellies
(vii) Chlorella is used as food by space travellers.
6. Both gymnosperms and angiosperms bear seeds, then why are they classified separately?
Solution:
The reasons for distinguishing angiosperms and gymnosperms are as follows.
(i) In gymnosperms, the ovules are naked but in angiosperms they are enclosed within the ovary.
(ii) In Gymnosperms endospore is haploid and produced before fertilization whereas in Angiosperms endosperm is triploid and formed after double fertilization.
(iii) Double fertilization does not occur in gymnosperms, but in angiosperms, double fertilization occurs.
(iv) In gymnosperms, wood is nonporous and in angiosperms wood is porous.
7. What is heterospory? Briefly comment on its significance. Give two examples.
Solution:
The phenomenon of producing two different types of spores in the same plant is called heterosporis. The importance of heterospory is as follows:
(i) Heterosporis causes the growth of seeds in gymnosperms and angiosperms.
(ii) It is required in the differentiation of male and female gametophytes.
Examples: Salvinia, Selaginella
8. Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:
(i) protonema
(ii) antheridium
(iii) archegonium
(iv) diplontic
(v) sporophyll
(vi) isogamy
Solution:
i) Protonema is the haploid stage in the bryophyte lifecycle where thread-like chain of cells are formed. For example, in mosses, protonema develops directly from a spore.
ii) Antheridium – The male sex organ, producing male gametes in bryophyte and pteridophytes is called antheridium. For example, many fungi and algae have antheridia during their reproductive phases.
iii) Archegonium is a female reproductive organ of bryophytes which is flask-shaped and produces a single egg. Observed in pteridiophytes, gymnosperms and bryophytes, they are jacketed and multicellular, possessing a neck and a swollen venter.
iv) Diplontic – A life cycle in which dominant free living phase is diploid, generating haploid gametes. For example, Sargassum.
v) A leaf which bears sporangia is called a sporophyll, which may be microsporophyll or megasporophyll. These structures combine to form strobini(cones). For example, Pinus.
vi) Isogamy – Sexual reproduction that takes place through fusion of two gametes which can be flagellated and are similar in size, or non-flagellated (non-motile) but similar in size. Such reproduction is called isogamy. For example, Ectocarpus
9. Differentiate between the following:
(i) red algae and brown algae
(ii) liverworts and moss
(iii) homosporous and heterosporous pteridophyte
(iv) syngamy and triple fusion
Solution:
Following are the differences:
i)
1. Red algae contain chlorophyll a and chlorophyll d but brown algae contain chlorophyll a and c.
2. In red algae, Phycobilins are present but brown algae do not have phycobilins.
3. If red algae reserve food in the form of floridian starch, it is laminarin in brown algae.
4. Red algae are not flagellated, and brown algae are flagellated.
ii)
1. There is no protonema phase in the liverworts and the life cycle in the moss begins with the protonema
2. If the plant body is dorsoventral in liverworts, the algal plant body is separated into a stem-axis.
iii) Homosporous possesses only one type of spores whereas heterosporous will have morphologically different spores in different sporangia.
iv) Syngamy is the fusion of the male gamete with the ovum whereas triple fusion is the fusion of another male gamete with two polar nuclei.
10. How would you distinguish monocots from dicots?
Solution:
11. Match the following (column I with column II)
Solution:
12. Describe the important characteristics of gymnosperms.
Solution:
The main characteristics of gymnosperms are as follows:
(i) In Gymnosperm the ovules are not enclosed by ovary. They are exposed before and after fertilization
(ii) The seeds are naked
(iii) Gymnosperms include medium-sized trees or tall trees and shrubs
(iv) The roots are taproots
(v) The stems are branched or unbranched
(vi) Leaves are simple and compound
(vii) The plant body is separated into roots, stems and leaves and is sporophyte
(viii) They produce two kinds of spores, so they are called heterosporous
(ix) Fertilization takes place in the absence of external water from syphonogamy
Biology Chapter 4 – Animal Kingdom
1. What are the difficulties that you would face in classification of animals, if common fundamental features are not taken into account?
Solution
Animals are classified on the basis of common features such as cell arrangement, body symmetry, nature of coelom, digestive tract, circulation or reproductive system. Without these common features, it is very difficult to treat each organism individually. It is impossible to add new species detected every day without common features. To study diversity in animals, classification must be based on common basic features.
Some other difficulties are:
(i) Tracing of interdependence amongst various animals will become difficult
(ii) Difficulty in developing new species of animals
2. If you are given a specimen, what are the steps that you would follow to classify it?
Solution:
The steps to classify the specimen are given below:
(i) Classify level of organization: Classify the arrangement of cells in the cellular and tissue-level organization.
(ii) Symmetry: Classify the organism according to radial or bilateral symmetry.
(iii) Classify Diploblastic or triploblastic organization
(iv) Presence or absence of body cavity
(v) Type of coelom development
(vi) Classify segmentation
(vii) Differentiate the presence or absence of notochord.
3. How useful is the study of the nature of body cavity and coelom in the classification of animals?
Solution:
The coelom is the body cavity or fluid-filled space lined by the mesoderm, and an animal with a coelom is called a coelomate. In some animals, the body cavity is not covered by the mesoderm; instead, the mesoderm is a scattered cyst between the ectoderm and the endoderm. Such a body cavity is called a pseudocoelom, and the animals that have them are called pseudocoelomates, for example, Aschelminthes. Some animals have no body cavity; they are called acoelomates, for example, Platyhelminthes.
Classification of the body cavity and coelom is important to decide the complexity of an organism at the organ level.
4. Distinguish between intracellular and extracellular digestion.
Solution:
5. What is the difference between direct and indirect development?
Solution:
6. What are the peculiar features that you find in parasitic platyhelminthes?
Solution:
The typical features of the parasitic platyhelminthes are:
(i) Free-living parasitic forms.
(ii) They have an organ level of organization.
(iii) Mostly hermaphrodites
(iv) Three-layered body wall – the epidermis (outer covering) is often ciliate and covered with cuticle.
(v) The digestive tract is incomplete or absent
(vi) The presence of well-defined excretory structures, such as flame cells.
(vii) Presence of anti-toxins and a thick tegument which is resistant to the digestive enzymes of the host.
(viii) Anaerobic respiration. No special respiratory structure was observed.
(ix) The front body part has suckers, hooks, eye spots and auricles to attach to the hosts.
(x) A highly developed reproductive system of parasitic forms.
7. What are the reasons that you can think of for the arthropods to constitute the largest group of the animal kingdom?
Solution:
The following are the causes for the arthropods making up the largest group of animal kingdoms:
(i) They have jointed legs that allow them to be motile, and perform many other functions due to these jointed appendages.
(ii) A hardened skeleton made of chitin protects their body.
(iii) Hard skeletons reduce water loss from the body.
(iv) Demonstrate a different system for locomotion, respiration and reproduction.
(v) Ability to live in diverse conditions and varied habitats.
(vi) In comparison to other phyla, they are pre-developed.
(vii) Well-developed sense organs and nervous system.
(vii) Some insects exhibit pheromones that enable communication.
8. Water vascular system is the characteristic of which group of the following:
(a) Porifera (b) Ctenophora (c) Echinodermata (d) Chordata
Solution:
From the four given options the correct answer is (c) Echinodermata
This is their characteristic. A perforated panel in them, known as madreporite, allows water to percolate in their systems.
9. “All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates”. Justify the statement.
Solution
The presence of a notochord and paired pharyngeal gill slits is characteristic of the phylum chordate. However, the vertebrata notochord in the embryo in the subfilm is replaced by columns of bony vertebrae in adults. It is, therefore, said that “All vertebrates are chordates, but not all chordates are vertebrates.”
10. How important is the presence of air bladder in Pisces?
Solution:
Air bladder in Pisces regulates Buoyancy, which prevents fish from sinking.
11. What are the modifications that are observed in birds that help them fly?
Solution:
The variations found in birds that help them fly are given below:
(i) The presence of feathers.
(ii) Forelimbs are turned into wings to help with flight.
(iii) Hind limbs have scales.
(iv) They have pneumatic or hollow bones that lighten the skeleton.
(v) Absence of urinary bladder causes net body weight loss and facilitates them to fly.
(vi) Their streamlined body provides less resistance and enables longer flight.
12. Could the number of eggs or young ones produced by an oviparous and viviparous mother be equal? Why?
Solution:
No, the number of eggs or young ones produced by an oviparous and viviparous mother are not equal. The number of eggs produced by oviparous mothers is more comparatively because, in oviparous animals, fertilization takes place outside the uterus, whereas in viviparous animals’ development takes place inside the uterus, which makes successful incubation of young animals less.
When eggs are present outside, there is a risk of getting eaten by predators due to their immobility. Therefore, in order to sustain the progeny, there is a requirement for more eggs.
13. Segmentation in the body is first observed in which of the following?
(a) Platyhelminthes (b) Aschelminthes (c) Annelida (d) Arthropoda
Solution:
From the four given options, the correct answer is (c) Annelida
14. Match the following:
Solution:
15. Prepare a list of some animals that are found parasitic on human beings.
Solution:
Some animals that are found parasitic in humans are as follows:
i. Ancylostoma (Hookworm)
ii. Taenia (Tapeworm)
iii. Enterobius (Pinworm)
iv. Wuchereria (Filarial worm)
v. Ascaris (Roundworm)
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